作　者：赵耀辉 毕汝岱
关键词：女性劳动参与率；婚育模式；育儿成本
摘　要：

 随着社会经济的发展和人口结构的深刻调整，中国女性劳动参与率发生了显著变化。改革开放初期，中国女性劳动参与率显著高于欧美主要发达国家的水平，但近年来大幅下降，已接近其平均值。研究发现，已生育女性劳动参与率的下降是整体趋势的主要驱动力，而婚育模式的转变在一定程度上对这一趋势起到了缓冲作用。对于已婚女性而言，学龄前子女的照料负担逐渐成为劳动市场参与的核心制约因素。女性教育水平的提升通过禀赋和系数效应显著促进了劳动参与，但配偶教育水平的影响由正向转为负向，说明家庭收入能力的提高减弱了女性劳动参与的经济动机，强化了性别分工的传统趋势。优化育儿支持体系、促进性别平等以及营造职场友好环境，是缓解婚育负担对女性劳动市场参与约束的关键政策方向。

 

The Decline in Female Labor Force Participation in China From a Family Perspective

Zhao Yaohui（Wuhan University） Bi Rudai（Peking University）

Abstract With profound socioeconomic development and demographic shifts, female labor force participation (FLFP) in China has undergone significant changes. During the early stages of the reform and opening-up period, China's FLFP was notably higher than that of major developed countries in Europe and North America. However, it has declined substantially in recent years, approaching their average levels. The decline in FLFP is primarily driven by the decreasing participation of women with children, though shifts in marriage and fertility patterns have somewhat mitigated this trend. For married women, childcare responsibilities, particularly for preschool-aged children, have increasingly become a critical constraint on labor market participation. Meanwhile, rising female education levels have positively influenced FLFP through endowment and coefficient effects. However, the impact of spousal education has shifted from positive to negative, indicating that higher household economic status weakens women's economic motivation to participate in the labor force while reinforcing traditional gender roles. Optimizing childcare support systems, promoting gender equality and creating family-friendly work environments are key policy directions to reduce the constraints that marriage and childbearing burdens place on women's labor market participation.

Key words  female labor force participation; marriage and fertility patterns; childbearing cost

 

■作者简介 赵耀辉，武汉大学人文社会科学资深教授，武汉大学董辅礽经济社会发展研究院教授，湖北 武汉 430072；毕汝岱（通讯作者），北京大学国家发展研究院博士研究生，北京 100091。

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