作　者：陈伟
关键词：胡家草场汉律；睡虎地汉律；《二年律令》；肉刑；夷三族
摘　要：

 汉文帝时期的刑制改革，是中国古代法制史上的重大事件。然而，在《史记》《汉书》等传统史籍中，相关记述并不明晰。新近出版的《荆州胡家草场西汉简牍选粹》一书， 刊载胡家草场12 号墓出土的近百枚法律简，为探讨文帝时的刑制改革提供了珍贵资料。通过将胡家草场汉律与张家山汉简《二年律令》、睡虎地汉律进行比较、分析可见：秦至汉初使用的黥刑在文帝时已不复存在。先前判处“黥为城旦舂”的场合，在胡家草场汉律中，有的改作“髡为城旦舂”，有的改判死刑。这一变化应是文帝十三年（前167）刑制改革的结果。先前“完为城旦舂”这一刑罚则在改革后维持不变，有助于对《汉书·刑法志》“诸当完者，完为城旦舂”这一记载的理解。夷三族刑于文帝二年（前178）废除，在文帝后元元年（前163）重新启用，但适用范围收缩，对谋反的认定也更为审慎。将胡家草场汉律与《二年律令》比较还可看到，公卒、庶人等身份概念消失，地位曾介于民众与徒隶之间的司寇成为完全意义上的徒隶， 显示文帝刑制改革还伴随着身份制度方面的重要变化。根据避文帝刘恒名讳、夷三族律有无、祭祀上帝以及景帝即位时为文帝庙制作的《昭德》之舞尚未出现等情形，可以把胡家草场律典的修订年代大致确定在文帝后元元年（前163），而睡虎地汉律的年代则应在文帝元年（前179）至十三年（前167）之间。

 

The Hujiacaochang Han Statutes and the Emperor Wen's Legal Reform

Chen Wei（Wuhan University）

Abstract The legal reform of Emperor Wen (r. 180-157 BCE) in Western Han was a major event in Chinese legal history, but it was not clearly articulated in the transmitted historical sources such as Shiji and Hanshu. The recently published Selections from Jingzhou Hujiacaochang Western Han Bamboo Manuscripts has revealed nearly one hundred slips of legal texts from Tomb No. 12 of Hujiacaochang, providing invalu‐ able materials for further investigations of the legal reform during Emperor Wen's reign. A comparison be‐ tween this new text and the previously excavated Zhangjiashan Han legal text Ernian lüling and Shuihudi  Han statutes indicate that the legal punishment of tattoo used in the Qin dynasty and early Western Han no longer existed in the Hujiacaochang statutes. What was supposed to be sentenced "a tattooed wall-builder or grain-pounder" in earlier statutes was replaced by "a shaved wall builder or grain-pounder", or a death penal‐ ty. This change should be one result of the legal reforma in the thirteenth year of Emperor Wen (167 BCE). In contrast, the penalty of "leaving intact and making a wall-builder" did not change during the legal reforma, which is helpful for our understanding of the phrase "those who should be left intact, make them an intact wall-builder or grain pounder" in the "Treatise of Law and Legal Punishment" of Hanshu. The punishment of execution of the three sets of relatives (yisanzu) was abolished in the second year of Emperor Wen's reign (178 BCE) and was resumed in the first year of the Houyuan reign (163 BCE) of Emperor Wen.  However,  the range of application of this legal punishment was narrowed down and the recognition of conspiracy was more cautious. The comparison between the Hujiacaochang Han statutes and the text of Ernian lüling also shows a significant change of social status system in Emperor Wen's legal reform. For instance, the two so‐ cial identities of "common soldiers" (gongzu) and "commoner" (shuren) disappeared and "robber-guard" (sik‐ ou), which was originally a status between the commoners and convict laborers, finally became a convict la‐ borer in a more complete sense. The compiling date of the Hujiacaochang statutes could be identified as around the first year of the Houyuan reign of Emperor Wen (163 BCE), based on the taboo of Emperor Wen's personal name Liu Heng, the nonexistence of the legal punishment of execution of the three sets of relatives, and the non-appearance of the sacrificial music Zhao de which was used in the sacrifice to the high god and Emperor Wen's ancestral temple when Emperor Jing came to throne. The date of the Shuihudi Han statutes is more likely to be compiled between the first year (179 BCE) and the thirteenth year (167 BCE) of Emperor Wen.

Key words Hujiacaochang Han Statutes; Shuihudi Han Statutes; Ernian lüling; corporal punishment; execution of the three sets of relatives

 

■    作者简介 陈 伟，历史学博士，武汉大学人文社会科学资深教授，武汉大学简帛研究中心博士生导师；湖北 武汉 430072。

 

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